Astronomy in Credo: Astrophysics

In astronomy, the explosive event that marked the origin of the universe as we know it. At the time of the Big Bang, the entire universe was squeezed into a hot, superdense state. The Big Bang explosion threw this compact material outwards, producing the expanding universe seen today.

A region in space, believed to be formed when a large star has collapsed in on itself at the end of its life, with such a strong gravitational pull that not even light waves can escape from it.

From Astronomy Encyclopedia
Remnant radiation from the creation of the Universe. Early cosmologists predicted theoretically that the Universe originally began as a singularity that expanded into a small, hot ‘soup’ of radiation and elementary particles.

Radiation which consists of streams of high-energy particles from outer space, traveling at about the speed of light, most of which are thought to originate from supernovas.

Matter not visible but making up a large proportion of the mass of the universe, and sufficient to change its expansion into contraction.

From Collins Dictionary of Astronomy
The observation that radiation from distant galaxies is redshifted leads to the conclusion that all galaxies (beyond the Local Group) are receding from us or, more precisely, that the distance between clusters of galaxies is continuously increasing. The Universe as a whole is therefore expanding. This expansion was discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1929 although it had already been suggested by theoretical cosmologists. It is the observational basis of the Big Bang theory.

The branch of astronomy that deals with the origin and nature of emissions from extraterrestrial sources in the gamma-ray range of electromagnetic radiation rather than in the visible range.

From Collins Dictionary of Astronomy
Galaxies must have condensed out of the gases expanding from the Big Bang, beginning at a time when the average density of the Universe was roughly the same as the current mean density of a galaxy.

From Collins Dictionary of Astronomy
Extremely weak wavelike disturbances that were predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity. They represent the radiation associated with the gravitational force, and are produced when massive bodies are accelerated or otherwise disturbed.

Life history of a star, beginning with its condensation out of the interstellar gas (see interstellar matter) and ending, sometimes catastrophically, when the star has exhausted its nuclear fuel or can no longer adjust itself to a stable configuration.

From The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide
In physics and cosmology, a mathematical theory developed in the 1980s to explain the properties of elementary particles and the forces between them (in particular, gravity and the nuclear forces) in a way that combines relativity and quantum theory.

From Collins Dictionary of Astronomy
A short period of very rapid expansion of the Universe postulated to occur very soon after the big bang. The hypothesis of inflation in the early Universe solves a number of cosmological problems.

From Astronomy Encyclopedia
Planet not associated with our Solar System. The existence of other worlds, especially inhabited ones, has been the subject of debate since ancient times. In the 20th century, stars with irregular proper motions were suspected of having planetary companions; Barnard's Star was a famous candidate.

Force of attraction that arises between objects by virtue of their masses. The larger the mass of an object the more strongly it attracts other objects.

Named for for Ejnar Hertzsprung and H. N. Russell. A graph in which the spectral types of stars are plotted against their absolute magnitudes. Stars fall into different groupings in different parts of the graph showing the luminosity of a star as a function of its surface temperature.

In physics, a device that splits a beam of light into two parts, the parts being recombined after travelling different paths to form an interference pattern of light and dark bands.

In physics, contraction or foreshortening of a moving body in the direction of its motion, proposed by H. A. Lorentz on theoretical grounds and based on an earlier suggestion by G. F. Fitzgerald; it is sometimes called the Fitzgerald, or Lorentz-Fitzgerald, contraction.

From Astronomy Encyclopedia
Experiment carried out by German-American physicist Albert Michelson (1852-1931) in 1881 and, with greater precision, by Michelson and the American chemist Edward Morley (1838-1923) in 1887. The experiment attempted to detect the motion of the Earth through the luminiferous ether.

From Collins Dictionary of Astronomy
Two mathematical expressions derived by Jan Oort that describe the effects of differential galactic rotation on the radial velocities (vr) and tangential velocities (vt) of stars at an average distance r from the Sun.

Or redshift, in astronomy, the systematic displacement of individual lines in the spectrum of a celestial object toward the red, or longer wavelength, end of the visible spectrum.

From Astronomy Encyclopedia
Radius that a body must exceed if light from its surface is to reach an outside observer. If an object collapses below this radius, its escape velocity rises to above the speed of light and the object becomes a black hole.

From Collins Dictionary of Astronomy
The single physical entity into which the concepts of space and time can be unified such that an event may be specified mathematically by four coordinates, three giving the position in space and one the time. The path of a particle in spacetime is called its world line.