Judaism in Credo: Jewish History

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
Jewish historian and soldier, b. Jerusalem. Josephus' historical works are among the most valuable sources for the study of early Judaism and early Christianity. Having studied the tenets of the three main sects of Judaism—Essenes, Sadducees, and Pharisees—he became a Pharisee.

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
The spiritual leaders of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel during the greater part of the Second Temple period.

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
A political and religious grouping in Erets Israel during the latter half of the Second Temple period (from the second century BCE to the first century CE).

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
Together with “Maccabees” the name designating the Jewish family and later dynasty in Erets Israel that raised the standard of revolt against the religious oppression of the Syrian Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) in 167 BCE.

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
Jewish family of the 2d and 1st cent. B.C. that brought about a restoration of Jewish political and religious life. They are also called Hasmoneans or Asmoneans after their ancestor, Hashmon.

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
Jewish faction traced back to the revolt of the Maccabees (2d cent. B.C.). The name was first recorded by the Jewish historian Josephus as a designation for the Jewish resistance fighters of the war of A.D. 66–73.

Among the most prominent figures in Israeli national history, Ben-Gurion headed the Zionist worker movement in Palestine and founded what became Israel's Labor Party, which dominated Israeli politics until 1978.

Irish-born Israeli politician who served as president (1983-1993). A staunch defender of Israeli security, he established his political reputation as a military intelligence leader during the Six-Day War (1967).

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
Zionist leader and prime minister of Israel. Golda Meir grew up in Kiev and Pinsk and settled with her family in Milwaukee in 1906. Becoming active in the Socialist Zionist movement, she left for Palestine in 1921 after marrying and teaching school for awhile.

Israeli right-wing politician and diplomat, leader of the Likud (Consolidation) party 1993-99 and prime minister 1996-99 and from 2009. A hard-line politician, he succeeded Yitzhak Shamir to the Likud leadership in 1993, following the party's 1992 electoral defeat.

Israeli right-of-centre politician, prime minister 2006-09. Deputy prime minister from 2003, he became acting prime minister in January 2006 after Ariel Sharon suffered a severe stroke.

Israeli statesman, born in Poland: prime minister (1984-86; 1995-96); Nobel peace prize 1994 jointly with Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin.

Israeli general and statesman, b. Jerusalem, the first native-born prime minister of Israel (1974–77, 1992–95). His extensive military experience began in 1940 when he joined the Haganah (Jewish militia) and thereafter fought in the British army.

Israeli military and political leader who served as prime minister (2001-2006).

Series of wars and territorial conflicts between Israel and various Arab states in the Middle East since the founding of the state of Israel in May 1948. These include the war of 1948-49; the 1956 Suez War between Israel and Egypt; the Six-Day War of 1967, in which Israel captured territory from Syria and Jordan; the October War of 1973; and the 1982-85 war between Israel and Lebanon.

The controversy that occurred with the treason conviction (1894) of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus (1859–1935), a French artillery officer and graduate of the French military academy.

Gäzʹə, a rectangular coastal area, c.140 sq mi. (370 sq km), SW Asia, on the Mediterranean Sea adjoining Egypt and Israel, in what was formerly SW Palestine, now officially administered by the Palestinian Authority. The Gaza Strip is a densely populated and impoverished region inhabited primarily by Sunni Muslim Palestinian refugees; the majority live in large, overcrowded refugee camps.

Islamic fundamentalist organization formally founded by Sheikh Yassin Ahmed in 1988. Its militant wing, the Izzedine Al Qassam Brigades, played a major role in the Intifada, the Palestinian uprising in the Israeli-occupied territories from 1987, particularly in the economically deprived Gaza Strip, the Hamas heartland.

Name given to the period of persecution, extermination, and systematic annihilation of European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II. It has since evolved into a global icon representing the perils of genocide, ethnic cleansing, and other forms of state-sponsored atrocities.

Palestinian uprising, specifically between December 1987 and September 1993, during which time a loosely organized group of Palestinians (the Liberation Army of Palestine, also called Intifada) rebelled against armed Israeli troops in the occupied territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

An organization founded in 1964 with the aim of creating a state for Palestinians; it recognized the state of Israel in 1993 and Israel granted Palestinians autonomy in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Abbreviation: PLO

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
Russian term, originally meaning "riot," that came to be applied to a series of violent attacks on Jews in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th cent. Pogroms were few before the assassination of Alexander II in 1881; after that, with the connivance of, or at least without hindrance from, the government, there were many pogroms throughout Russia.

From An Illustrated Dictionary of the Third Reich
The fraudulent anti-Semitic document purported to be the minutes of a secret Zionist congress, describing a Jewish plot for achieving global domination by controlling the press and the world's economies, the planning of terrorism, and the undermining and destruction of the Aryan people.

Territory, formerly part of Palestine, after 1949 administered by Jordan, since 1967 largely occupied by Israel; 2,165 sq mi (5,607 sq km), west of the Jordan River, incorporating the northwest quadrant of the Dead Sea. Since mid-1994 limited Palestinian self-rule has existed in portions of the West Bank under the Palestinian Authority. Israelis who regard the area as Jewish territory often refer to it by the biblical names of Judaea and Samaria.

A modern political movement for reconstituting a Jewish national state in Palestine. The rise of the Zionist movement in the late 19th century was influenced by nationalist currents in Europe, as well as by the secularization of Jewish life in Eastern Europe, which led many assimilated Jewish intellectuals to seek a new basis for a Jewish national life.