Judaism in Credo: People & Places

From Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
He is regarded as the most important representative of Hellenistic Judaism and a forerunner of Christian theology.

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
The outstanding Jewish biblical and talmudic commentator.

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
Halakhist and philosopher, the leading intellectual figure of medieval Judaism.

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
Principal author of the Zohar and one of the greatest Jewish mystics.

German philosopher and interpreter of Judaism. The son of a cantor, he originally studied at the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau, but turned from rabbinics to philosophy.

In his Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology (1909) Schechter was the first to give a methodological presentation of Jewish theology. He founded the American Jewish Conservative Movement, which has remained the largest Jewish religious group in the USA and has therefore been of enormous influence.

Jewish theologian, existentialist philosopher, and scholar of Hasidism, born in Austria, whose works include I and Thou (1923), Between Man and Man (1946), and Eclipse of God (1952).

Jewish theologian and philosopher, Rosenzweig was a precursor of existentialism. However, his attachment to Judaism was influenced by the neo-Kantian, Hermann Cohen.

The German-Jewish writer Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) is now widely regarded as one of the most original and insightful cultural theorists of the twentieth century.

Hannah Arendt is widely recognised as among the most original and profound political thinkers of the twentieth century as well as one of the most controversial.

Heschel’s main philosophical work is God in Search of Man (1955), where he combines a phenomenological approach (already evident in his pioneering work, Die Prophetie 1936) with an existential depth theology, dealing with the Jewish religion as an act of faith rather than a concept or representation.

As the founder of Judaism, he is said to have instituted the rite of circumcision as a sign of the covenant between God and the Jews, who are descended from Isaac, son of Abraham's old age. In the Bible, progenitor of the Hebrews and the founder of Judaism. In the Qur'an, ancestor of the Arabs through his son Ishmael. Abraham is further regarded as an ancestor of Muhammad.

King of the Hebrews 1004-965 BC. He became king of Judah on the death of King Saul at Mount Gilboa in 1004 BC, then king of Israel in 997 BC. He united the tribes against the Philistines, conquering their cities (such as Ekron), and extending his kingdom over Moab and other surrounding lands.

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
Prophet who lived during the reign of Ahab king of Israel and his son Ahaziah. His life is recounted in I Kings 17–19, 21, and II Kings 1–2.

Divinity of the three great monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as many other world religions.

Prophetic book of the Bible. It is a collection of prophecies from a 300-year period attributed to Isaiah, who may have been a priest.

In the Hebrew Bible, the name of God, revealed to Moses; in Hebrew texts it is represented by the letters YHVH (without the vowels ‘a o a’) because it was regarded as too sacred to be pronounced; other religions say the letters as Yahweh.

Hebrew lawgiver, probably b. Egypt. The prototype of the prophets, he led his people in the 13th cent. B.C. out of bondage in Egypt. Moses was the leader of the Israelites in their departure from Egypt and plays a central role in receiving the covenant from God.

A Hebrew prophet, seer, and judge, who anointed the first two kings of the Israelites (I Samuel 1-3; 8-15).

Seaport in northwest Israel, situated on the Mediterranean Sea; population (2006 est) 45,900. The city was built on a small promontory which, with Mount Carmel to the south, forms a semicircular bay. From being part of British-mandated Palestine, it became part of Israel in 1948.

[Heb.,=seven wells or well of the oath], city (1994 pop. 147,900), S Israel, principal city of the Negev Desert. It is the trade center for surrounding settlements and for Bedouins, who hold a weekly market in Beersheba.

Arabic Dimashq or ash-Sham, city, capital of Syria and of its Damascus governorate, SW Syria, on the eastern edge of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. It is Syria's largest city and its administrative, financial, and communications center. Reputedly the oldest city in the world, having been inhabited continuously since before 2000 BCE.

Salt lake, c.390 sq mi (1,010 sq km), extending c.45 mi (70 km) in the Jordan trough of the Great Rift Valley between the Ghor on the north and Wadi Arabah on the south, on the border between Israel and the West Bank (W) and Jordan (E).

A city in the West Bank: famous for the Haram, which includes the cenotaphs of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, and Jacob and Leah.

The State of Israel is a small country in the E Mediterranean. Inland lie the Judaeo-Galilean highlands, from N Israel to the N tip of the Negev Desert in the S. To the E lie part of the Great Rift Valley, River Jordan, Sea of Galilee and Dead Sea. Israel comprises most of the Biblical Holy Lands (for history pre-1947, see Palestine). In the late 19th century, Zionists began to agitate for a Jewish homeland. Most modern Israelis are descendants of immigrants who began to settle from the 1880s.

Town in the Jordan valley, west of the River Jordan and north of the Dead Sea, 24 km/15 mi northeast of Jerusalem; population (2005 est) 19,800. The site of the old city is the center of a fertile district where palms, rose trees, grapes, and balsams are grown.

Heb. Yerushalayim, Arab. Al Quds; the capital of Israel. Jerusalem is an administrative, religious, educational, cultural, and market center. Occupied as far back as the 4th millennium B.C. After Solomon built the Temple on Mt. Moriah in the 10th cent. B.C., Jerusalem became the spiritual and political capital of the Hebrews.

Ancient mountaintop fortress in Israel, the final outpost of the Zealot Jews in their rebellion against Roman authority (A.D. 66–73).

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
Location of the theophany, where God revealed Himself to MOSES and the people of Israel; identified in the Bible as Horeb, “the mountain of God,” where Moses had his first encounter with God at the BURNING BUSH (Ex. 3).

Ancient rock city in present-day Jordan, known to the Arabs as Wadi Musa for the stream that flows through it. The site includes some 800 structures, the best known of which is the Khazneh el-Farun, a mausoleum, monument, or temple with a two-story facade and Hellenistic split pediment.

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
Ancient village on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea, in what is now the Israeli-occupied West Bank. It is famous for its caves, in some of which the Dead Sea Scrolls were found. Archaeological work at Qumran has yielded a profile of its history. In Israelite times it was the site of a small settlement and was probably called the city of Salt (Joshua 15.62).

City, ancient Palestine, on a hill NW of modern-day Nablus (Shechem). The site is now occupied by a village, Sabastiyah (West Bank). Samaria (named for Shemer, who owned the land) was built by King Omri as the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel in the early 9th century B.C.E.

The local Jewish institution for instruction in the Torah and worship, but not infringing on the ritual or sacrificial roles of the Jerusalem priesthood. In antiquity, it was the local religious focal point of individual Jewish communities. In Judaism, a place of worship, study, and gathering; in the USA a synagogue is also called a temple by the non-Orthodox.

From The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
Elevated area in the southeastern corner of the Old City of Jerusalem, site of the First and Second Temple. The area recognized today as the Temple Mount is enclosed by four large retaining walls built during the reign of Herod the Great (1st cent. BCE).

Ancient city of Sumer, S Mesopotamia. The city is also known as Ur of the Chaldees. It was an important center of Sumerian culture (see Sumer) and is identified in the Bible as the home of Abraham.

Dating from the Second Temple period, the Western Wall commonly refers to an 187-foot (57-meter) exposed section of ancient wall situated on the western flank of the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.